Against Media Censorship Essay Example for Free

Against Media Censorship Essay* On television, music, and most websites, they inform the user about the contents of their website, song, or show entirely others (like YouTube) put on age restrictions on them. * Im sure most of you have had to go through these at some point in your life and have gotten upset when you cant hear the whole song or watch the whole movie. * Id like to let off to you all how Media Censorship is in direct violation of the First Amendment and how it can make it harder for kids to learn about certain aspects of life. * The First Amendment is one of our most distinguished Amendments because it allows us, the citizens of the United States, to speak our minds about anything without legal government penalty. * Freedom of speech is no longer considered important to the government. hoi polloi should be able to express themselves, whether its through music, movies, or anything, but instead they have to bleep the cuss for their song to go on the radio and bloc k the inappropriate parts on a movie which can possibly cause a loss in entertainment or power in the message * The morals of slew that have been hidden information from and the morals of the pack who havent been hidden from are completely different. If certain things are hidden from people, then that gives people a curiosity in the subject and may cause people the use of illegal actions to obtain it.* Education isnt something for kids need to be criminalize from. * People are curious about life and feel they need to learn more about it, if everything was censored then this can cause parents to be in uncomfortable situations and cause kids to ask more questions. * The government shouldnt have to tell people what they can and cant watch or listen to this should be up to the person or the parents of that particular person. * The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) monitors every radio station, Television broadcast, and music broadcast to make sure that nought inappropriate is said on the broadcast that they think may ruin the mind of the listeners.* Most music is censored while there are a few(prenominal) artists that refuse to censor their music, and nearly all movies are also censored. * The First Amendment states that you have a freedom of speech and the FCC shouldnt be able to take that away. People can be better educated on topics if nothing is censored. * The sound of music and the graphics of movies are some things you all would most likely call for to keep. * In conclusion, The media should not be censored and should not be allowed to be censored.

Audio-Visual Techniques for Communication and Expression

Audio-Visual Techniques for Communication and ExpressionUse of Audio-Visual Techniques in rule of ideas an insight into the use of effective techniquesWord imagine 2554Table of Contents (Jump to)1. Introduction Audi visual techniques and communication1.1 Background of Study2. Marry Me2.1 Narrative2.2 Characterisation2.3 Genre convention and variation2.4 Specific good features3. Photo Booth3.1 Narrative3.2 Characterisation3.3 Genre convention and variation3.4 Specific technical features4. ConclusionReferences1. Introduction Audi visual techniques and communicationThe use of the diametric audio visual techniques in communication and mien of ideas has been widely regarded as an important and signifi lavt evolution of the different techniques used for communication that emerged from the use of cross medium and incorporation of multimedia.Communication has always been an important part of kind existence and throughout the history of mankind the same has seen a transformation fro m clean papyrus sheets to the incorporation of the elements of sight and sound (Branston and Stafford, 2010). The opinion of experts on the transformation on the use of visual communication is diverse, save all of them argon believed to be in affirmation with the fact that the use of different audio visual techniques in communication is conside cherry to be the more or less effective and efficient by senders and receivers analogous (Cunningham and Turner, 2010).The reason behind the same organism the fact that the incorporation of the different audio visual formats helps in the presentation of the communication in a most concise manner, yet again enabling the sender to create a long lasting impression on the mind of the receivers (Chandler, 2004).1.1 Background of StudyThe take up of this academic work is to highlight the importance of the different audio visual techniques and formats and its application to the creation of two astounding creations short shoot downs, that bea r made it to the finals of Tropfest, considered creation the most prestigious recognitions of Australian short fritter categories.What makes the feature more important and relevant is the fact that annually only 16 short films be considered by the jury as finalists from a pool of more than 700 entries annually. The two important finalists to the same crimsont that pee-pee been selected for analysis in the study ar managing director Michelle Lehmanns Marry Me that had been adjudged the winner of 2008s Tropfest. The other short film is that of Photo Booth, which had been directed by Michael Noonan (http//tropfest.com, 2014).The following sections of the academic work get out be individually considering winning into consideration the narrative, characterisation, genre convention and specific technical features that have helped these short films receive the accolades (Cunningham and Turner, 2010) that have led to the popularity of the films in the Australian and International f ilm circuit as well.2. Marry MeMichelle Lehmanns short film Marry Me that is of 7 minutes duration. The plot revolves around a miniature boy and girlfriend with their individual attention and objects of interest. The following sections provide an insight into the narrative, characterisation, genre convention and highlight the technical features that have set the film obscure from the rest of the entrants to the contest (ODonnell, 1999).2.1 NarrativeThe film is seen to revolve around the interest among two young individuals and the communication or the idea that has been expressed in the film has been carefully crafted, reflecting the different individual pursuits of two young people, which have been seen to have a strange co-incidence to real life drawing significant parallel to peoples needs and wants.The film depicts the girl is particularly interested in the boy who is overwhelmed by materialistic pursuits signified by the love for his itty-bitty(a) BMX bike. The heart and soul and expression of the idea of the film is clear through the emotions that have been captured through the girls expressions and gleam in eyes every time he sees the boy. The girl is depicted to have fallen in love with the bike riding boy and the same has been clearly expressed through the attempts by the girl to draw the boys attention through a number of different ways (http//tropfest.com, 2014).M all are of opinion that the film is most the complexities of emotions of the young, scarcely it also subtly underpins the interest and love of two different people love for the boy for the girl, and the boys (Jason) interest in nothing but the bike that he has.2.2 CharacterisationMichelle Lehmann had drawn crucial similarities to the character of the girl as she had body politicd that even as a 5 or 6 year old girl, she had experienced the same steamy tension as being attracted to a boy who had been her neighbour and like Jason, had been found to have a particular knack to mate rialistic pursuits that are considered to be natural (ODonnell, 1999).The girl who is seen to endlessly pursuit her love interest in the film has been named Chloe and the boy Jason. In order to express her idea clearly to the audience, Michelle has carefully selected the two most astounding young actors in the roles of Chloe and Jason who have been able to win the hearts of the viewers through their childish charms and natural acting.For Jason, the need was to portray a character that was very much in skin of the role visualised by him a young BMX enthusiast and the ease with which Jason has been seen to express his disinterest for Chloe busy fixing the wheels of his little bike makes on feel as if it is almost real and not a short film. On the other hand, the role that had been portrayed by the young girl Chloe has been nothing less than au naturel. The determined look and the expression on her face towards the end of the short film as she approaches the high plank constructed b y Jason leaves whizz spell bound and many would wonder whether the expression can be allotd to the next to impossible task in real life (http//tropfest.com, 2014).2.3 Genre convention and variationThe genre of the film is based on the complexities of homosexual emotion and it needs to be highlighted that the message that has been attempted to be conveyed through the short film is largely based on the different emotional pulls and pushes one might experience at a young age.Much of the film is aimed at the general audience who would leave the screen enthralled and spell-bound by the enigma of analysing the meaning and idea behind the short film. The convention of the genre is based on the fact that the theme of the film holds true for human beings in reality as well. Most individuals are often engaged in the tireless pursuit of something or the other in life that is sensed to have been difficult to attain for them. The same has been carefully highlighted in the feature film throu gh Jasons character as he is seen to remove the auxiliary supporting wheels from his bike at first, failing to successfully ride his bike without the use of the same. In the background, the girl is shown being able to learn what Jason fails.A little later, Jason attempts a small jump off the plank created by him, which also leads to a fall. Chloe tries her best to impress Jason and draw Jasons attention successfully achieving the feats which Jason attempts to secure a number of times (http//tropfest.com, 2014).The variation that needs to be highlighted in the same is that human beings sometimes become so engrossed in being able to achieve a particular job or accomplishment, that they end up undermining the abilities and success of other human beings that are near to him, failing to even to pay attention to any important or critical messages that the other might convey. The same has been specifically observed bandage Chloe tries to give her opinion to Jason about the bike and ridi ng.2.4 Specific technical featuresThough the film does not showcase any impressive graphic or video filming in conveying the message across, one cannot help but wonder about the smallest details that have been used in the film for spreading the intended message (Cunningham and Turner, 2010).For example, when Jason removes the red coloured attachments to the spokes of his bike wheel and expresses his disinterest in them, the emotional attachment of Chloe is also expressed through the same behaviour. In the same scene, if it is considered that Jason had been rotating the wheel simultaneously whereas Chloe is seen to focus more on Jason instead of her bike, the emotional quotient is carefully reflected. More camera focus has been devoted to capture emotions on Chloes face as it must have been found that the girl would be more expressive in terms of emoting by the director.These are small and important specifications that need to be captured and presented by any short film director to successfully convey the intended message and at the same time be able to discover the audience entertained.3. Photo BoothMichael Noonans short film the Photo Booth is an interesting and contemporary take on the medical prognosis of hope and hopelessness that has been portrayed in the short film of around seven minutes duration. The film captures the important themes of human life and the message it tries to portray is an important aspect for critiques and short film enthusiasts around the world (ODonnell, 1999).The short film revolves around 3 solders on a war torn landscape who suddenly pay back an abandoned photo booth in the middle of nowhere, whereby the pictures coming out as print carry messages for each of them.3.1 NarrativeThe narrative of the short film revolves around three passs and their fate outside an abandoned photo booth in the middle of a war torn landscape that keeps the audience glue to the screen to wonder about the outcome and message of the film unlike t hat in the case of Marry Me.The narrative is unpredictable and has successfully incorporated one of the most critical elements of movie making uncertainty and suspense. These are considered to have an everlasting impact on the viewer and many regard the same to have a lasting impact on the mind of the viewers as the key element of admiration and awe is always a key division to the success of a film or small movie (http//tropfest.com, 2014).The narrative brings to light the plight of three soldiers who are trying their best to survive and do not know for themselves the future of their predicament in war. Suddenly, they are met with an unpredictable situation, that of a lonesome photo booth in top of a small hill. Curiosity is one of the most dignified and yet sometimes cursed traits of human behaviour and the same has been highlighted in the film as the soldiers wonder what awaits them at the photo booth and goes on to investigate, under estimating the threats of being exposed to enemy observation and gun point.3.2 CharacterisationThe characterisation of the short film is an important attribute as it becomes the responsibility of the actors in the film to bring to life the relevance of each of the characters that are planned and incorporated in the film. The film revolves around the three soldiers and each of them is found to display three different emotions among human beings adventure, curiosity and suspicion (http//tropfest.com, 2014).The first soldier who enters inside the photo booth is unsuspecting and is interpreted by affect once the flashes of the camera start to go off. The second soldier is portrayed to have a trait of curiosity and wariness as he is seen to be cautious when he enters inside the photo booth after seeing what the first soldier had been presented with. The third soldier had to be portrayed to be umbrageous of turn of events and this is the same reason why there have been extra alertness displayed by the first and the second soldi er while guarding the booth as the third entered inside.The three of them have been shown to have different outcomes based on the character portrayed by them. The first one, unsuspecting and taking life as it is, is presented a picture which shows him part of a beautiful family comprising of a beautiful wife and twin daughters. The second soldiers displays mixed traits and is shown to receive a picture with only his companion who gradually disappears from the frames while the third is shot dead by enemy gunfire as he was the most suspicious one and enters the booth at the last.Through the characters, the director tries to portray the message that it is perception and thought process of individuals which leads to the outcomes.3.3 Genre convention and variationThere have been two specific genres displayed in the short film that of human nature and the relation between the thoughts and outcomes faced by human beings in reality. It needs to be highlighted here the fact that initially t he genre of the short film was thought to be related to war and the outcome of the film being rendered predictable. However, the message and surprise element of the film clearly unfolds when the pictures are presented to the soldiers (http//tropfest.com, 2014).In the end, what makes the film so interesting is that the film portrays a multitude of different factors that are related to human life and fate, and it is highlighted how the thought process of human beings influence the outcomes and fate that is met by individuals in the real world.Genre convention and variation is an important aspect of any communication to large section of viewers as the same enables the makers of the short films to captivate the interests of the audience and keep them glued to the outcome of the message to be portrayed in the film.3.4 Specific technical featuresThe film is considered to be richer in terms of the technical features that have been included in the film. The aim of the director was to includ e the elements of surprise more on the lines of shock and the same has been effectively incorporated in the sound designing of the film which makes the film more relatable to reality and one can identify the suspense and uncertainty that is faced by soldiers in the war field. Fear and anxiety has been portrayed well in the movie as the soldiers are successful in expressing the same feelings on their anguished faces (http//tropfest.com, 2014). Moreover, the loud snapping of the shutter of the camera has been effectively used to shock the audience which is considered to be an important character of film making.Especially in the last scene when the third soldier gets shot and there is an element of confusion clearly depicting the mental state and trauma of the soldier when he gets to see his picture in the photo is considered to be outstanding in highlighting the theme of despair as the soldier is shown to lose composure and his guard at the most critical time in the face of enemy gu nfire, when in the previous scenes, he is portrayed to be most suspicious of the circumstances.4. ConclusionThere are different factors and aspects that are considered to have an impact on the success of film making and the effectiveness of the director to incorporate these elements determine the ability of the production to captivate audiences and determine the outcomes of film making.This academic work was aimed at highlighting these specific factors in film making and the effective incorporation of the same in the two short films that have been highlighted in the study.ReferencesBranston, G. and Stafford, R. (2010). The media students book. London Routledge. NBChandler, G. (2004) skip over by Cut Editing Your Film or Video. Studio City, CA Michael WieseCunningham, S. and Turner, G. (2010). The media and communications in Australia. Sydney Allen Unwin.Marry Me, Michelle Lehman (director), Australia, 2008http//tropfest.com/au/2011/12/08/marry-me/Morley, D. (1996) Television, Audi ences and Cultural Studies. London Routledge.ODonnell, P. (1999). The other 66 per centime? Rethinking the labour market for journalism graduates. Australian Journalism Review, 21(1), 123-142.Photo Booth,Michael Noonan (director), Australia, 2012http//tropfest.com/au/2012/02/04/photo-booth/Ruthven, K. (1998). The Future of Disciplines A Report on Ignorance. In Knowing Ourselves and Others The Humanities in Australia into the 21st Century. Australian Research Council Vol. 3, pp. 95-113.

Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Analysis Techniques

Qualitative and numerical insecurity analytic thinking techniquesThe oxford dictionary defines a seek as a situation involving exposure to danger. In business, an incident is said to be essayy if it has the probability of an adverse outcome. Others words typically used in association with risks be words such as hazards and threats.In most cases, were mitigation controls are non implemented, a risk could result in the loss of financial or material assets, or more critically, it could lead story to loss of life. Organisations therefore need a technique to aid in the identification and classification of risks hence the relevance of endangerment compendium.Risk analysis assists in defining preventive measures to reduce the probability of identified threats occurring. Information Technology (IT) managers are able to add value to organisations by using the principles of risk analysis to ensure that businesses remain existent in the face of a risk.The risk analysis outgrowth i nvolves three processes estimate identification, Risk assessment and Risk evaluation. Hazard identification is the process of identifying undesired or adverse events that lead to the materialisation of a hazard . Risk assessment is the process of determining the size and magnitude of a risk. Finally, Risk evaluation is the process of assessing the risk in terms of its signifi butt jointce, gravity, or seriousness. Mathematically, the risk equation can be expressed asRisk = (shock * Likelihood) orRisk = (Probability * Likelihood) Impact measures the level of loss to the organisation. Loss can either be financial or operational and Likelihood measures the probability of intuitive feeling the impact.Risk judging MethodologyRisk assessment is the systematic evaluation of the likelihood of an adverse effect arising from exposure in a defined population. The nidus for IT security managers is risk assessment that is geared towards meeting the confidentiality, Integrity and Availabilit y of information resources .Risk Analysis TechniquesRisk analysis techniques can be grim down into two broad methods Qualitative Risk Analysis and Quantitative Risk Analysis. Regardless of the technique selected by an IT security manager, an understanding of the organisations process assets i.e. how risks were handled in the past, the scope of the project in question and plans that have been put in place to manage risks have to be clearly defined.Qualitative Risk AnalysisQualitative risk analysis involves the use of relative concepts to envision risk exposure thereafter, a relative classification system is employed where risks are classified as high, medium or low . Qualitative risk analysis allows IT managers perform systematic examinations of threats and risks to the organisation. It also provides the opportunity for a review of proposed countermeasures and safeguards to determine the opera hat cost-benefit implementation .Using this technique enquires IT managers to develop a scope plan, assemble a quality team, identify threats and prioritise threats.Advantages of Qualitative Risk Assessment TechniqueEase of calculation when compared with quantitative technique, performing calculations using a qualitative technique is relatively simple.Monetary value of assets does not need to be compulsive to perform a qualitative risk assessment, IT managers dont need to come up with a monetary value assets identified during the initial asset identification phase.It is not necessary to quantify threat frequency be make water this technique does not require complex calculations, IT managers do not have to quantify the number of cartridge clips a certain threat is likely toIt is easier to involve non-security and non-technical staff though it is important to select as risk assessment team members, this technique does not require that selected team members consist solely of technical members.Flexibility in process and reportingDrawback of Qualitative Risk Assessment TechniquesBelow is a discussion on the drawbacks of qualitative risk assessment techniquesQualitative techniques are subjective in nature- i.e. rather than relying on statistical data or evidence for its results, it is dependent on the quality of the risk management team that created it. The Cost-benefit analysis technique which assists in justifying the need for investing in controls is not used in qualitative risk assessment. It does not differentiate sufficiently between important risks.Attributes of Qualitative Risk AssessmentsQualitative risk assessment techniques offer a relatively faster process when compared with quantitative techniques its emphasises are on descriptions as against statistical data, as such, teams members need not be overly technical to take part in a qualitative analysis process.In addition, values from a qualitative risk assessment are not actual values. In other words, they are perceive valued. Finally, its commenceings are simple and expressed in rela tive terms understandable by non-technical people therefore requiring little or no training forwards its results can be understood.Qualitative Risk Assessment Tools / TechniquesA number of tools are available for carrying out qualitative risk assessment a some of them are discussed belowProbability and impact matrix the probability and impact matrix illustrates a risk rating assignment for identified risks. Each risk is rated on its probability of occurrence and impact upon objective.Risk probability and impact assessment using this tool involves the risk analysis team rating the projects risks and opportunities .Ishikawa (Fishbone cause and effects diagrams) the cause and effect diagram can be used to look for all the possible or actual causes (or inputs) that result in a single effect (or output). This tool can be used for identifying areas where there maybe problems and to examine causes of risks.Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) the FMEA method starts by considering the risk events and then proceeds to predict all their possible effects in a chart form. Quantitative Risk AssessmentIT security managers as decision makers are susceptible to biased perception. as such, they require a means of accurately determining risks such that potential risk factors are not overlooked this hence the need for quantitative risk assessments.Quantitative risk analysis generally follows on from the qualitative risk analysis process. It aims to numerically dismember the probability of each risk and its consequence on the project objectives as well as the extent of overall project risk.Quantitative Risk Assessment TechniquesIn quantitative risk analysis processing, techniques such as Monte Carlo and Bayesian simulations can be employed because they provide indispensible tools to the risk assessment team.These tools assist the team in determining the probability of achieving a specific project objective. They are equally used to quantify the risk exposure for the proje ct and determine the size of cost and schedule contingency reserves that may be needed. Additionally, they identify the risks which require the most attention by quantifying their relative contributions to project risk.Advantages of Quantitative Risk AssessmentUsing quantitative assessments IT managers are able to present the results of risk assessment in a straight forward manner to subscribe the accounting based presentation of senior managers. As results are statistical in nature, it aids in determining whether an expensive safeguard is worth purchasing or not. The process requires the risk assessment team to put great effort into assets value definition and mitigation as a result its results are based substantially on independently objective processes and metrics.Finally, carrying out a quantitative risk analysis is fairly simple and can easily follow a template type approach.Drawbacks of Quantitative Risk AssessmentCalculations involved in quantitative risk assessments are co mplex and time consuming. Its results are presented in monetary terms only and as such, may be difficult for non-technical people to interpret. The process requires expertise so participants cannot be easily coached through it. Impact values assigned to risks are based on opinions of participants.Attributes of Quantitative risk assessmentAccuracy of results from quantitative risk assessment tends to increase over time as the organisation builds historic record of data while gaining experience. Results generated from a quantitative assessment are financial in nature, making quantitative techniques recyclable for cost benefit analysis.Quantitative Risk Assessment ToolsDecision Trees Analysis the decision tree is a useful tool for choosing an option from alternatives. It is used to explore different options and the outcome of selecting a specific option.Sensitivity Analysis This technique is used to determine the risks which are likely to have the highest impact on the project. In sen sitivity analysis, the effect of each risk is examined while keeping all other uncertain elements at baseline values.Striking a BalanceAs already highlighted above, both approaches to risk management have their advantages and disadvantages. Certain situations may call for organisations to adopt the quantitative approach. Conversely, smaller organisations with limited resources pass on probably find the qualitative approach better fitting.Furthermore, in selecting a risk analysis technique, IT security managers should select a technique that best reflects the needs of the organisation. The decision on which risk analysis technique to use should depend on what the manager is attempting to achieve.It is this suggestion of this paper that an integration of qualitative and quantitative risk analysis techniques be adopted by IT security managers to create a more comprehensive analytical approach. This can be understood as a Hybrid Risk Analysis Approach.Capturing risks and selecting cont rols are important, however more important is an effective risk assessment process establishing the risk levels. Before an organisation can decide on what to do, it must first identify where and what the risks are. Quantitative risk analysis requires risk identification after which both qualitative and quantitative risk analysis processes can be used separately or together. Consideration of time and budget availability and the need for both types of analysis statements about risk and impact will determine which method(s) to use.

Changes to the Role of a Quantity Surveyor

Changes to the Role of a Quantity SurveyorWhen moveing to gather information on the origins of the standard mickleing affair it is not simple, several dissimilar authors have different theories on where the occupation arose from. Some feel that it is a 19th nose candy creation, were others search to think that the acquit of sum of property surveying stretches entirely the way back to superannuated Egypt. However to attempt to obtain knowledge ab forbidden measure surveyings former(prenominal) I must assess all the theories to distinguish which seems the well-nigh vi up to(p). The Kenyan branch of the RICS opens the web sit downe talk of quantity surveying being used in ancient Egypt, and in like manner references a quote from the bible which was mentioned in Chapter 1 Suppose one of you desires to build a tower, will he not first-year sit down and estimate the damage to see if he has enough money to complete it. (Luke, 1428). Seeing this as the start of the quantit y surveying handicraft I feel is inaccurate precisely it can be seen as a basis from which it could have rose from. The knead of devisening out all you need has al ways been used in social organization as intimately as other lines of work, for example a baker would not start baking until he has all the ingredients he needs. Nevertheless it whitethorn have been in such a case as the pyramids that some one person may have been assigned to ensure all materials where represent and that every that was take to construct them was there. If this were the case then it may very well have been the first use of quantity surveyors (QSs).The authors who have written about the subject of quantity surveying give little mention of this as their jobs origin and choose to concentrate on on to a greater extent new-made history to find their career roots rather than to early empires grand construction projects. Allan Ashworth and Keith grunter are two well respected authors on the subject o f quantity surveying and rate in construction, so much so that they have taken over the mantle of musical composition the new versions of Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor, a book seen as one of the best in quantity surveying circles. In the 2000 book Added take account in Design and social structure Ashworth and Hogg speak of the possible beginnings of quantity surveyingAccording to Thompson (1968), the roots of quantity surveying go back to the 17th snow and to the prominent Fire of London. There is evidence to suggest that firms of QSs were in existence at the ending of the eighteenth century. According to Seeley (1988), the earliest records of a quantity surveying firm were in Reading, Berkshire, in 1785. There is little doubt that other firms were withal in existence at the same duration. In 1802, a number of Scottish quantity surveying firms gathered to produce the first system of beat of buildings. In St Lukes Gospel (1428) a story is recor ded of the splendour of counting the salute before you build implying that some form of these implements existed even in biblical beats (P 12-13)These authors seem to have no lineal belief on the matter but they do offer up the horizon of others as well as the aforementioned biblical quote. Thompsons belief was that that after the Great Fire of London in 1666, there was such a vast amount of work needed done and that the usual way of give ining tradesmen by daily rates was unfeasible due to the amount of labour used. So it was deemed that a measure and encourage system would be best to allocate payment. This blood was entrusted to architects but since they were so busy designing all the new buildings they employed other men to do the job these men became known as measurers. Seeley and Winfield (1999) landed estate that this method of measure and value surveying was common practice up to the middle 19th century but vaguely describe the aftermath that resulted in the creati on of bills of quantities and competitive tendering. The origins of quantity surveying and indeed all surveying are detailed heavily in F.M.L Thompsons 1968 book, Chartered Surveyors, the growth of a profession.The opinion shared by Thompson (1968) and Seeley and Winfield (1999) is a popular one among authors however this opinion is not shared by Colin Dent in his book Quantity examine a Fully Metricated Text. In his eyes the birth of quantity surveying came in coincidence with that of the bill of quantities. Dent puts it that the bill of quantities arose from costly nature that was baffling in pricing jobs in the 19th century. General contractors in this era where becoming aggravated with disbursement money measuring, pricing and preparing a tender for a job only not to get and have to incur the cost of an scoreless bid. It then left the contractor having to price in the cost of unsuccessful bids into his successful ones this did not sit well with clients who were disgruntled t hat they had to pay for a contractors previous losing bid. It was heavily thought at this time that the lowest bid was the best, but it was often the case that the lowest bid came from an omission in the contractors own bill of quantities. This would leave the contractor the task of attempting to make the money up from someplace else in the project. Again clients were displeased with this so it was decided around 1850 that a universal bill of quantities would be made from the client and sent to the contractors to price.Ferry, Brandon Ferry, 2006, see it differently they believe that it was contractors who first used surveyors to draw up bills of quantities for them to price. A sort out of contractors would perhaps employ one surveyor with the winning bid then paying his fee. Architects hazard foul play in these bids with excessive wa constitute allowed and the possibility that contractors would fix so that one bid would win before all would get a pay out from the contract sum. The architect then took over employing surveyors to draw up one bill of quantities for all to price.Either way the bill of quantities system was seen as fair competition between contractors and gained recognition by 1880, and after it was used in the building of the Houses of Parliament and was successful it was then accepted as the most efficient and economical way of building. It is probably most likely from this point of the evolution of the bill of quantities that surveyors shook off the term off measurers and gained the term QSs as their job title.Another contrasting cod is that of Duncan Cartlidge the author of New Aspects of Quantity Surveying Practice 2nd edition. The basis of his opinion alike comes from the 19th century and the formation of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1834. This move was made by architects to further them surveyors/contractors and their obnoxious commercial interest in construction. In his view the greater responsibility for the b usiness side construction now given to surveyors/contractors created the need to have someone in charge of the managing of capital and quantities, thus the QS was born(p) (Cartlidge, 2006).There are several views regarding the origin of the quantity surveying profession as I mentioned above. However when all views are looked at an almost direct line events can be seen to occur where every stage seems to be a step in the evolution of quantity surveying. In this readers opinion the act of assessing material amounts for building and also the cost goes back to early civilisation. But it was not until after the Great Fire in 1666 that a full time job was created for someone to measure and value work done. Client and contractor dissatisfaction with payment of the final account and a fair method of tendering led to the birth of bills of quantities and it is the basis of measuring and value and the drawing up of bills of quantities that produced the conventional QS, which still exists tod ay.This form of quantity surveying worked well in the late 19th century and early years of the 20th century, so much so that in 1909 the RIBA incorporated the bills of quantities into its standard building contract, thus making it a legally cover song document (Dent, 1970)(Ashworth Hogg, 2000). In 1922 the first edition of the British Standard Method of Measurement of make watering Works (or SMM) was adopted into the contract as a agency for which industrial plant were measured. Its introduction was to alleviate confusion about which quantities were measurable (Ashworth, 1981).The practice of quantity surveying remained very much unchanged for mevery years in fact it was not until after that Second founding War that the tralatitious techniques came into question. The government began its task of rebuilding the country after the war and gave heavy human beings spending during the 1950s and 1960s for rebuilding of houses, schools, hospitals, roads, etc. (Ashworth, 2004). This in turn saw work for QSs betterment as the government had spend huge sums of money on the war and had incurred large international debt, so keeping buildings cost low was a top priority (Thompson, 1968). In direct to plan this spending properly and achieve value for money in the various projects, something additional needed to be done other than simply to measure and value the works as was the traditional method. The then Ministry of Public Buildings and Works and the RICS began to develop systems of financial entertain and evaluation for new buildings. This laid the foundation for further exploration into cost control techniques (Ashworth, 2004). In 1957 the Ministry of Education issued a bulletin that was a milestone in the practice as it introduced new methods of working and new principles of cost digest and cost planning (Building Bulletin No.4 Cost Study). The bulletin initiated the conceit of cost planning which set about to compare the cost of different design solutions and also designing within an overall cost framework. This meant that QSs would for the first time have to manage costs all the way through a construction project, whereas a previously they simply a drew up quantities from architect drawings at the start and helped settle accounts at the end. QSs would now have to compare different designs and different elements of buildings in an attempt to obtain cost efficiency, and then manage the expenditure throughout to ensure that the project was not over budget. This was the first use of primary(a) cost planning or designing to a cost and formally introduced the QS into the design team (Ashworth Hogg, 2000).The 1970s saw a huge increase in the amount of universities offering quantity surveying as an undergraduate course, in 1970 alone 30 polytechnics formed (Willis, 1987). Not only were there more quantity surveying students but there were more quantity surveying lectures, this meant that more research was being done on the profession, f inding more and more ways to better itself (Ashworth Hogg, 2000). It was in this research that the holes began to be exposed in the traditional procural method. Studies showed that clients wee not always obtaining value for money in the procural of their buildings (Ashworth, 2004). In 1970 -1974 the UK seen a property boom so developers were anxious to get building, this forced fast track methods of procurement to develop as the traditional method was seen as too slow. Management contracting and forms of design and build were introduced. These methods did not require a bill of quantities so QS involvement was left to cost plan and try and keep the budget. These were unchartered water for QSs and there was a lack of cost certainty but it was tolerated as property values were rising so quickly (Cartlidge, 2009). The 70s also seen the introduction of computers something which many believed over time would end QSs. Sir John Egan, author of the wide reaching root word Rethinking Constr uction, once told a group of graduates in 1999 that the construction persistence will no longer be needing them to count the cost of a project computer engineering would be doing it instead (Carvill, 1999). Adrian .J Smith, author of Computers and the QS, puts it thatThe QS and the computer have been partners in an intense love hate relationship for over 30 years indeed, it would be difficult to find any other profession in which the relationship between man and machine has generated, by turns, so much discussion hope and optimism disappointment and disillusion, (Smith, 1989)Of course they were not very well advanced in this era however they did give insight into how projects may be calculated and determined and began to challenge the perceived wisdom of the traditional methods (Ashworth, 2004)During the 1980s the quantity surveying profession started to witness radical changes to their traditional ways of working, and much of the change stemming from new procurement methods wh ich seemed to spell the end for the bills of quantities. Procurement, a term not used until the 1980s, became an important area of activity, largely because of the increasing array of options available (Ashworth Hogg, 2006). These options came about as clients became dissatisfied with amount of time taken to procure through traditional tendering methods (i.e. bills of quantities). So new forms of procurement arose to try and meet client requirements, the main forms that were on the increase were Design and Build (D B), Management Procurement. Clients seen these methods as more beneficial for time and also because it handed more risk to the contractor in D B and to a focus contractor in management procurement (Cartlidge, 2009). (The benefits of these types of procurements are discussed for posterior in this chapter). Some quantity surveying companies were very respondent to the change that management procurement brought about and began to adapt their practices, as D B hadnt muc h use for professional QSs. However it did create an opening on the contractors side for more cost control as they needed to manage their own construction costs. The practice of cost modelling which was introduced in the previous decade had been studied further. While the profession was looking for new ways of estimating away from the bill of quantities, the cost modelling method was, and still is, seen as too radical and requiring too much practice from the security of a reasonably reliable yet imperfect system of the bill of quantities (Ashworth Hogg, 2000). The emphasis of building costs was high on the agenda and it was also during this time that attention shifted from initial construction costs alone to a more comprehensive overall view of the costs over the entire life-time cycle of the project. Whole life be takes into consideration the initial procurement, design and construction costs as well as fees and charges. It also takes into account the functional costs such as m aintenance, repairs and energy expenses, and the cost of disposal and recycling of the building is also included (Cartlidge 2009). Eventually all of these aspects would be considered within the emergent practice of facilities management. These considerations provided yet another shift towards adding value to the assiduity and its clients. This recognised that to examine the initial costs of construction within the context of whole costs that it might yield an overall better financial situation for the client (Ashworth Hogg, 2000). Two other new aspects of be that came about in the 1980s were value management and facilities management. Value management or value engineering arrived in the UK in the 1980s but in some sense it already existed, as mentioned earlier the government wanted cheaper buildings after the war, so cost planning in this era focused on acceptable products for the least cost which in essence is what value can be defined as (Kelly, Morledge, Wilkinson, 2002). Fac ilities management was also introduced as from of project management that went much further than just managing the construction. Aspects of the building such as its infrastructure, its environmental impact, its maintenance and its communication links all came under the role of a facilities manager (Ashworth 2004). Basically it was not just managing the buildings construction but managing the building as a whole. Value management was a natural progression for QSs as they were the experts on buildings product costs so they were able to inform the client on all options and help provide the selection which bore the most value. The RICS recognised this change when it published its fib of a view of Value Engineering and Quantity Surveying Practice in 1987. Facilities management was further away from the traditional QSs way of working and closer to a profession which specialised in project management, however with many believing at this time that QSs were power pointing down that route this line of work was seen as a future possibility for QSs.During the 1990s several key states were produced that assisted in the new directions of the QS profession, they helped to formulate a future direction and strategy, emphasising the changing nature of nightclub in general and the construction industry and the profession within it (Ashworth Hogg, 2000). The first in 1991 was made by Davis, Langdon Everest, one of the largest QS firms in the introduction at present, wrote the report QS2000 The Future Role of the Quantity Surveyor which focused on the changes in the construction industry and how it was affecting the profession. The important point stressed in this report was that QSs needed to learn to manage more effectively the time and quality as well as the cost in an attempt to add value into a clients business and construction project. The report also identified widening markets and diversification for the quantity surveyor, suggesting three key areas of future activ ity value management, procurement management, and facilities management. The idea of more research and development into better QS practices was promoted as it was as another way of adding value for the client (Davis, Langdon, Everest, 1991).The RICS The core skills and knowledge base of the quantity surveyor report released in 1992 affirmed a lot of the points raised in the 1991 Davis, Langdon and Everest report. It also raised point that QS may need to change the way they address clients and professionals to try and make clear to clients the services they offer (RICS, 1992).Constructing the team was a report written by Sir Michael Latham in 1994 which had far reaching consequences on the construction industry and those employed in it, including quantity surveyors. The report called for more standardisation of design and construction by establishing more functional and efficient supply chains. More transparency in costing between the professionals and clients was seen to be needed this was of particular interest to QSs as target of reducing cost by 30% was set by the report. The report also encouraged more teamwork in all construction teams to produce a product that all, including the client, could be justifiably happy with. This point also highlighted QSs as they did at this time have a reputation as difficult to deal with professionals for the client (Cartlidge 2006).Sir John Egan, a keen advocate of Sir Michael Lathams report and known to be a person to be a person convinced of the need of change in the industry was appointed as head of the Construction Task Force (Cartlidge, 2006). It was Egans opinion that turn some of the construction industry learned from the Latham report, not enough was done to meet the targets set out within it. In 1998 Sir John Egan published his own report titled Rethinking Construction. This report was seen as the blueprint for the modernisation of the systems used in the construction industry to procure work. The Egan report re vealed in a survey of major UK property clients that many still dissatisfied with the services performances offered by both contractors and consultants. These clients revealed thatMore that a third of them thought that consultants were lacking in providing a speedy and reliable serviceThey felt they were not receiving good value for money insofar as construction projects did not met their functional needs and had high whole life costsThey felt that the design and construction should be integrated in order to deliver added valueThere was a failure to keep within agreed budgets and the completion schedules.(Rethinking Construction, Sir John Egan, 1998)These points were damaging to consultants and in particular quantity surveyors who a lot believe were one of the guiltiest of these failings in the industry. Responding to this report, in 1999 Building magazine published the article The QS a profession on the brink. The magazine conducted its own survey of over 12,000 QSs and the overwhe lming feeling was one of anxiety about their future.The survey shows that QSs are concerned about the rapid erosion of their traditional role, their inability to twine clients that they can significantly contribute to their projects, and the threat posed by acquisitive rivals and by other professionals such as management consultants and accounts75% of QSs asked believed at this stage that new software packages were replacing their traditional cost modelling role in fact a senior partner of Davis, Langdon Everest is quoted as saying that traditional quantity surveying, especially the calculation of BoQs, is on the way out. many a(prenominal) senior QSs in large firms such as Cyril Sweet and Bucknall Austin believed the profession was heading into management consultancy that specialise in construction. The latter in fact now referring to themselves as construction economists. This article seemed to spell the end for the QS as it was followed by more articles that sang from the sam e hymn sheet (Building, 1999). Adapt or Die (2000) called on QSs to find a new niche in the industry as their traditional role of measuring and drawing up BoQS was fading fast. It referred to QSs as an endangered species and that it was a case of survival of the fittest, the fittest being the surveyor who adapts and diversifies to a changing industry.Many practices have already evolved, reinventing themselves as cost consultants or construction cost advisors, or diversifying to become project managers, construction managers or total service providers offering professional management services to the industry not a word about cost in there at all. (Building, 2000)A year later (2001) a further article entitled What is the use of QSs stated through a survey that the general public had little or no idea of what a QS does. The author suggesting that construction law was an appropriate landing spot for diversifying QSs citing that their cost expertise could be a valuable tool in dissensi on resolution. The article also followed the theme of others implying that the traditional role was dying (Building, 2001).A lot of the articles around this time were in response to the 1999 survey carried out by Building magazine, so in that respect their fear inducing titles seemed to be on the mark. But five years on the same magazine was speaking quite differently. From forecasting that the QS profession may be on the brink, they were now stating that not only were QSs in high demand, but that their services were on the rise all over the world. The 2004 article Rocking All Over the World tells of how some of the UKs largest QS firms were expanding into foreign markets such as the Middle East, China, North America, Europe and other people Nations. Richard Steer, senior partner of Gleeds a large QS firm, commented Just as were trying to lose the name quantity surveyor we are getting requests for QS services. It should be highlighted from the article that while there was an increa se in QS demand, it was not for the traditional QS services. The industry was interested in professionals with expertise in sustainable construction, dispute resolution and adjudication, cost control techniques, procurement advice and also the need for an independent voice in the construction process (Building, 2004).It is not surprising that QSs were in high demand in this era. The world was on the forefront of building boom as property around the world went up at a dizzying pace in places like Dubai and capital of Red China (for the 2008 Olympic games) for example. What should be noted form this was the services they were offering. Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor 12th ed (2007) depicts how the role of a QS had evolved from the traditional in 1960 into the present (see Fig. 1.1)Single rate approximate estimatesCost planningProcurement adviceMeasurement and quantificationDocument preparation, especially bills of quantitiesCost control during constructionInte rim valuations and paymentsFinancial statements last-place account preparation and agreementSettlement of contractual claimsFig. 1.1 Traditional quantity surveying activities 1960Investment appraisalAdvice on cost limits and budgetsWhole life costingValue managementRisk analysisInsolvency servicesCost engineering servicesSubcontract administrationEnvironmental services criterion and costingtechnical foul auditingPlanning and supervisionValuation for insurance purposesProject managementFacilities managementAdministering maintenance programsAdvice on contractual disputesPlanning supervisorEmployers agentN.B. some of traditional activities may still be part of a present day QSs role such as procurement advisor or cost planning. (Ashworth Hogg 2007)Williss book also gave insight into what the future may bring for the QS, all of which are spoken about today and are considered to be the most recent QS responsibilities to have developed. Activities such asEnvironmental and sustainability analysisSupply chain managementFacilities managementLegal servicesQuality managementAutomated measurement and quantificationTaxation and investment advice relating to projects (Ashworth Hogg, 2007) (Cartlidge, 2009)When looking at the list of traditional of activities for quantity surveyors compared to the present day role which the practice, it shows up a profession that has vastly evolved in the amount of services that it has the potential to offer to the construction industry. Yet still today QSs are challenging themselves to take on more as to compass point other professions poaching their business. Stuart Earl of the RICS in this article in the Construction Journal speaks of the need to adapt to stop outside intrusion. His article New tools for the trade covers the subject field of the rules of measurement issued by the RICS. The new rules of measurement order of cost estimating and elemental cost planning is set of comprehensive rules for calculating the cost of the whole project, not just the building works which the Standard Method of Measurement (SMM) currently does. This initiative is a bid by the RICS to incorporate whole life costing into the framework of the QS role and to promote value for money thinking. Stuart Earl describes the rule as our professions statement of the minimum technical standard required to carry out measurement at all stages in the life of a building. If we do not rise to the challenge, others may do it for us, or worse, we may find ourselves losing out to accountants. (RICS Construction Journal, Aug, 2009)Michael Sullivan, the chairman of the QS Construction Professional Group of the RICS, details a similar problem for QSs. His article from the Construction Journal, The vital link, he tells of QSs need to embrace sustainability in the industry so that it becomes a part of the quantity surveying framework for the future professionals to adopt rather than another profession. the next generation of QSs will want to know wha t you are doing about sustainability, expecting you to understand it more than others, like management consultants (RICS Construction Journal, Dec, 2009)Ever since quantity surveyings traditional practices were questioned in the wake of the Second World War, QSs have been faced with the challenge of diversifying and justifying their profession. Although on the small to medium scale the traditional practices are still alive (with some modern innovation, e.g. Information technology advancement), the large scale projects and firms are very much different (Cartlidge, 2009). And it is no surprise that the companies that have done the best are those that have adopted the Egan ethos of value for money and became more client focussed thus changed and added to the QS services they offer. It seems possibly that to succeed the QS industry hinges on the amount of services you can provide to live up to a wide variety of client needs.

Investigation of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and marble chips :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Investigation of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and marble chipsA chemical reaction is when two or more(prenominal) substance called reactants arechemically bonded to form a new product, as a result of the process,for a reaction to take place, the particles must have replete kineticenergy to collide and form new bonds , this is called a self-made impact. The minimum amount of energy needed for a successful striking is activation energy, which is The energy that an atomicsystem must acquire before a process can occur. Chemical reaction isdifferent to a forcible reaction, chemical reaction are not reversibleand results in a new product, however a physical reaction can be comfortably reversed as it only changed its state. The activation energy isable to loosen particles and enable them to from new bonds to raisenew products. The faster the molecules are moving the larger thechance of a successful collision, so the faster and stronger thereaction ordain be , the more kine tic energy a reactant has the easierit is for the new bonds the collide and produce new bonds.Variables that you could changeConcentration of hydrochloric acidSurface area of chipsMass of marble chipsPressureTemperatureVolume of hydrochloric acidTime allowed to measure oxygen minded(p) ofVolume of gas collectedVarying the concentrationHigher concentration will make the reaction stronger, there will bemore particles in the same volume so there are a lot more collisions,making the reaction faster and increasing the chance of a successfulcollision, lower concentration makes a weaker reaction, there will befewer particles so less chance of a collision.Varying the pressureA high amount of pressure will bring particles closer togethermaking the reaction faster as there will be more collision with theenergy, a lower amount of pressure will make the particles more spreadput , making the reaction slower and reducing the amount of collisionand energy.Varying the surface areaA larger surface area will result in the number of particles toincrease so there will be a higher chance of a collision increasingthe prize of reaction , so the reactant broke into smaller pieces wouldreact faster neutralize to larger pieces.Varying the temperatureAn increased temperature will increase the speed of the particle sothey collide more frequent as they have more energy. thusly thereaction will speed up, a decreased temperature will have less energyit will move slower, collide less often retardant the reaction down.Varying the catalystIf I increase the catalyst , the particles will move a lot faster asthe catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction, because they are moving

Media Should Respect Privacy of Public Figures Essay -- Argumentative

The Media Should Respect Privacy of Public Figures How much privacy of the individual is protected under the join States Constitution? Every one is entitled to the right of privacy, but to what extent is that privacy granted? Public figures are constantly being harassed and photographed by the media. Some photographers and reporters will go to any means, even illegal actions, to get a picture or story. However, earth figures are human beings like everyone else, and the media should let them more privacy. The media needs to operate with more respect for both laws and for moral and ethical codes of conduct. There are laws establishing the privacy of an individual, and the media needs to extend these rights to public figures. are public officials entitled to private lives? The answer, up until two generations ago was a clear yes (Knowlton, 51). President Franklin D. Roosevelt used a wheel chair or braces, but that disability was rarely mentioned and almost never photographed. Man y previous presidents were unfaithful to their wives, but the media did not cover these affairs that were common knowledge to the press corps (Knowlton, 51). However, the extramarital affairs of President Clinton are being widely covered by the media. The ethical code of conduct has fallen apart, and the media has new views on the fall of privacy that should be extended to public figures. According to Steven Knowlton, author of Moral Reasoning for Journalists, Celebrities of all sorts-musicians, athletes, entertainers, and others-make their living from the public and the public therefore in a sense employs them, just as it employs governors and presidents...(54). Most journalists figure that celebrities voluntarily surrender their pr... ...ion in a home or other private place. Even though these are not currently illegal actions, the media should act as if they were. Like other people, public figures should be able to separate their job from their family and personal lives. When p ublic figures are spending time with their families, they should not be harassed by the media intrusions on the privacy of celebrities are intrusions on the privacy of everyone. Works Cited Claffey, Mike and Tumposky, Ellen. Sadness, impatience Toward Photographers Follows Dianas Death. Witchita Eagle. 31 August 1997. Dill, Barbara. The Journalists Handbook on Libel and Privacy. New York. 1986. Knowlton, Steven R. Moral Reasoning for Journalists. Connecticut. 1997. Smolla, Rodney A. Suing the Press. New York. 1986. Sunstein, Cass R. Reinforce the Walls of Privacy. The New York Times. 6 September 1997.

Toys R Us and Subsidiaries Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Toys R Us and SubsidiariesRunning Head Toys R Us Financial Analysis raze Consistent with the financial report, all amounts are expressed in millions except per dower data.Ernst & Young, LLP, independent auditors for Toys R Us Inc. and Subsidiaries issued an bungling opinion on the confederations financial statements as of February 1, 1997 and on the consolidated results of operations and cash flows for the three years ending February 1, 1997, February 3, 1996 and January 28, 1995. The report by the independent auditors and their issuance of an unqualified opinion serves to provide reasonable assurance to production lineholders, management, regulatory agencies and the public, that the financial statements are materially correct. Materiality is interpreted to mean that there are no live(a) adjustments which would impact the decisions or opinions of the readers of these financial statements. The inclusion of the auditors report in the year-end financial report lends credibility t o the presentation and allows the users including investors and potential investors to rely on the instruction as presented. Common Stock & Treasury StockThe company does not have preferred stock and has not declared or paid dividends on its common stock. As of February 1, 1997, Toys R Us, Inc. and subsidiaries had authorized 650 shares of par value $.10 common stock, of which 300.4 shares were issued. 12.6 shares were held in treasury stock leaving 287.8 shares issued and outstanding. The book value of the common stock issued and outstanding was $14.56 which is down from February 3, 1996 at which time the book value was $18.8. The total paid-in capital for common stock was $ 518.8 as of February 1, 1997 and $572.8 as of February 3, 1996. The average price per share received by the company for all common stock issued since inception of the corporation as of February 1, 1997 was $ 1.73.Ratio AnalysisTheres a reflection that the nice thing about standards is that there are so many of them to choose from. (Maciag, 1998) It is important to choose carefully the ratios to be analyzed to be legitimate that there is relevance between the data and the conclusions drawn from it. When choosing industry standards, it is important to select like industries with commonalties that support comparison of results. It would not be appropriate to equivalence the financial statement of t... ... beating the industry averages for inventory turns. In addition their receivables consistently exceed industry standard by a significant amount. Referencesenhance Analytics. (May 16, 1999). S&P Personal Wealth. open http//www.personalwealth.com.Industry Info. (May 16, 1999). S&P Personal Wealth. Available http//www.personalwealth.com.Maciag, Gregory, A. (April 13, 1998). A wake-up cal for industry standards. National Underwriter. P29.Meigs, Robert F. Williams, Jan R. Haka, Susan F. Bettner, Mark S., (1999) Accounting. p 619.Mills, posterior R. Yamamura, Jeanne H. (October 1998). The power of cash flow ratios. Journal of Accountancy. V186 n4 p53(7).Stocksheet Media General Quick Source Data-One Wev PageToys R Us INC. (5/16/99) Available http//www.stocksheet.com.Thomson Investors Network Company delineate Toys R Us Inc. (5/15/99). Available http//www.thomson.com.Vital Stats. (May 16, 1999). S&P Personal Wealth. Available http//www.personalwealth.com.Wallstreet Research Net Report Toys R Us Inc. (May 7, 1999). Available http//www.wsrn.com.Berry, Donna Gorski. (Mid-Oct 1998). Mouths of the millennium. Dairy Foods. 73.74.